فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Music consumption has a prominent role in women's everyday life experiences as an active audience. The question of this research was "how the musical taste of women is formed?". This question was answered by qualitative research method and study of women's musical experience. The data collection tool is semi-structured interviews with 28 women with different educations, social statuses, and age groups in Tehran city, who were selected by purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling common in qualitative research. Data from qualitative interviews were coded with the thematic analysis method. The findings indicate that the audience's musical taste is not a predetermined matter, but rather a product of the interaction of the audience's individual background and social position. This means that musical taste is social. The lived experience of women shows cultural capital (family cultural background, education, musical knowledge, and skill), economic capital (individual economic situation and family economic background), multiple identity sources (network of reference groups, ethnic identity, religious identity, national identity, generational identity), and media sources (mass media consumption, social media consumption), shapes and differentiates their musical taste.

Children's and teenager's magazines, among other mass media, have an impact on the process of socialization. Because these magazines can induce, change and modify values, behaviors, and gender role patterns among children in various ways such as by choosing specific topics and targeted illustrations. This article aims to compare the images of "Osama" magazine in Syria and" Roshd daneshamoz" magazine in Iran from the perspective of gender. The purpose of this article is to compare the representation of gender in the images of Osamah magazine in Syria and Roshd al-Mashoz magazine in Iran. The analysis of the samples was done using Kress and Van Leon's model in the reading of social semiotics, which examines the images on three levels of representational, interactive and combined meaning. The results of the analysis of these three meanings showed that the pictures of these two magazines try to present common gender stereotypes to children. The roles of "woman-mother", "woman-grandmother" and "daughter" are present as a central or secondary role in most of the images of both magazines, and in none of the images are women in important social roles such as medicine or technical, and the representation of such roles Completely forgotten. In examining the interactive meaning, it has been determined that most of the images are in the mode of presenting information and invite the viewers to their world. Far and medium views are mostly used in the representation of images. The combined meaning has caused a connection between the representational and interactive meaning, the use of the center-margin pattern, giving prominence to women and not using framing in most of the images of both magazines emphasize the role of women in them.

Feminist criticism is concerned with women's issues and the ideas regarding women in a text. As an approach to the differences between speech and texts of men and women, female writing is a valuable theory in feminist literary criticism. By drawing on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the present study analyzes the language and content of two women's journals in the Constitutional era, i.e., Danesh (“knowledge”) and Shokoufeh (“bloom”), using a "feminine writing" feminist approach and based on the perspectives of linguists such as Mills and Lakoff. Linguistic and content analysis of these magazines suggest that although the prose of female journalists in the earliest women's journals is void of heavy feminist connotations, the syntax contains many components of feminine writing style, such as high frequency of vague words, swearing on divine authority, use of intensifiers and adverbs expressing doubts, feminine emotional phrases in vocabulary, utilizing short sentences, relative and independent clauses, use of unfinished sentences, and questions. Thematically, too, female journalists discussed subjects different from those reflected in men's journals, like the imperative of female literacy, female health care, and hygiene, respecting their choice of spouse, revising men's conduct in interacting with them in the household and community, and comparing the conditions of Iranian women with women in advanced countries, to advance their social and individual demands.

The purpose of the current research article is to investigate women's social identity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on Irving Goffman's theory or play performance. The theory based on the view that individuals play a role for their audience to present and keep the desired image of themselves to others in the society. Thus, the community stage is like the theater stage, in which people perform in interaction with each other The source is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh—edited by Khaleghi Motlagh. The research method is qualitative, and the technique used is content analysis. The research framework is a conceptual model. To analyze women's social identity, we used theatrical performance concepts, front stage, and venue. The results of the present study show that women in the heroic part of Shahnameh look to achieve a superior social identity by performing dramatic actions. To achieve this goal, they present the desired image of themselves and control the actions of others, and they use clothing and ornaments, gestures, and verbal articulations. In the heroic part of Shahnameh, women try to have a good relationship with famous and influential men to gain and keep their social identity. By performing dramatic actions and marrying and bonding with Iranian heroes and princes, they were in pursuit of achieving a superior social identity.

Female characters in the plays of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th AH, have different manifestations and are presented in a paradoxical way. The social and political changes in this period emphasize the discourse of improving the position of women and have fueled fear and anxiety about the presence of women equally. In this research, we focus on the roles of women in some of the plays of this era by critical discourse analysis. This plays have been described, interpreted and explained by the descriptive and analytical method suggested by Norman Fairclough. First of all, at the level of description, we have discussed the function of female characters in the plots of plays. At the level of interpretation, looking at the social events related to women in this period, the relationship between women's activism in the play and their level and role in the society is examined, and finally, in the third stage, the reason for the gap between the change of social paradigms and the role Women are explained in plays. By the analysis of the plays in the discourse context of the era, it was concluded that although in this era, the key role of women in the society and their promotion to the level of the speaking subject is always emphasized as one of the manifestations of progress, but still the dominance of the patriarchal discourse and The fear of killing women has so powerfully cast a shadow on the dramas of this hundred-year era that the role of women is either associated with concepts such as cunning, deception and conspiracy, or the female characters remain as objects of men's opinion games and seduction

Women's position and their role in the society has been influenced by various factors such as culture and religion. This research tries to study the role of women in the point of views of religions especially Christianity and church fathers and also analyze the view of the Gospel of Thomas on this matter. The Gospel of Thomas is a noncanonical text that were discovered seventy years ago in the Naj Hammadi, in Upper Egypt. In spite of its small volume, The Gospel of Thomas has always been the focus of scholar in the field of early Christianity. In this research, we have aimed to study the position of woman and femininity in the Gospel of Thomas. The result shows that Jesus in the form of sayings, proverbs and phrases of the Gospel of Thomas, unlike the other canonical texts of Christianity, considers a more important position for women and assigns a more valuable role to them. Because of its theological and mysticism perspective, the Gospel of Thomas focuses on the spirituality of person and not his or her gender. for this reason, attaining the kingdom, enlightenment and salvation requires passing away from masculinity and femininity and then trying to achieve celibacy and unity.

Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering by examining the short story of "Jannat al-Bajja" by Ghada Al-Saman based on the most important principles of cultural criticism in the field of gender and challenging the dominant patriarchal discourse using descriptive-analytical method. Women in the family as an obedient and passive identity in a people-oriented environment, show the transformation of these women and the recovery of their independent identity in an equal environment in the context of their story. The most important area criticized by Al-Saman is the popular culture of Arab societies, which has failed to adapt to the principles of the contemporary modernist movement. Explaining that Al-Saman also depicts the pathology of gender stereotypes in men and also shows the extent of cultural error about men as the upper class of patriarchal society. Criticism of gender inequalities, the harms of the patriarchal system, women's self-destruction in an unequal gender environment, the conflict between the principles of tradition and modernity, and the reduction of women to sexual identity are some of the most important issues that Al-Saman highlights in his stories.